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Action of 13 January 1797
The Action of 13 January 1797 was a minor naval battle fought between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany during the French Revolutionary Wars. During the action the frigates successfully outmanoeuvred the much larger French vessel and drove it on shore in heavy seas, resulting in the deaths of between 400 to 1,000 of the 1,300 persons aboard. One of the British frigates was also lost in the engagement with six sailors drowned after running onto a sandbank while failing to escape a lee shore.
The French 74-gun ship ''Droits de l'Homme'' had been part of the ''Expédition d'Irlande'', a disastrous attempt by a French expeditionary force to invade Ireland. During the operation, the French fleet was beset by poor coordination and violent weather, eventually being compelled to return to France without landing a single soldier. Two British frigates, the 44-gun HMS ''Indefatigable'' and the 36-gun HMS ''Amazon'', had been ordered to patrol the seas off Ushant in an attempt to intercept the returning French force and sighted ''Droits de l'Homme'' on the afternoon of 13 January.
The engagement lasted for more than 15 hours, in an increasing gale and the constant presence of the rocky Breton coast. The seas were so rough that the French ship was unable to open the lower gun ports during the action and as a result could only fire the upper deck guns, significantly reducing the advantage that a ship of the line would normally have over the smaller frigates. The damage the more manoeuvrable British vessels inflicted on the French ship was so severe that as the winds increased, the French crew lost control and ''Droits de l'Homme'' was swept onto a sandbar and destroyed.
==Background==
(詳細はFrench Revolutionary Wars, a French expeditionary force departed from Brest on an expedition to invade Ireland. This army of 18,000 French soldiers was intended to link up with the secret organisation of Irish nationalists known as the United Irishmen and provoke a widespread uprising throughout the island.〔Pakenham, p. 24.〕 It was hoped that the resulting war would force Britain to make peace with the French Republic or risk losing control of Ireland altogether.〔 Led by Vice-Admiral Morard de Galles, General Lazare Hoche and leader of the United Irishmen Wolfe Tone, the invasion fleet included 17 ships of the line, 27 smaller warships and transports and carried extensive field artillery, cavalry and military stores to equip the Irish irregular forces they hoped to raise.〔James, p. 5.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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